Which process of positive behavior management includes observational learning?

Modeling is a process of positive behavior management that involves observational learning, where individuals learn behaviors by watching others. When a student observes a peer or an adult demonstrating a specific behavior, they can imitate this behavior themselves. This can be particularly effective in ESE settings, as it allows students to learn appropriate social skills and academic behaviors in a supportive environment.

Through modeling, educators can showcase desirable actions, providing students with clear examples to follow. This process encourages not only the acquisition of skills but also the understanding of the expected outcomes of certain behaviors, fostering an environment where positive actions are reinforced without the need for direct instruction or correction.

In contrast, negative reinforcement, punishment, and positive reinforcement involve different mechanisms for behavior management. Negative reinforcement focuses on the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase desired behavior; punishment aims to decrease undesirable behaviors through consequences; and positive reinforcement involves providing a reward to encourage a desired behavior. While these methods can be effective, they do not center on the concept of observational learning in the same way that modeling does.